Youth Unemployment And Its Effects On The Economy - 990 Words

Shaima Saklou Mrs. Lauren Schuberth Mr. Kyle Burkett Level 9 Reading Writing 22 February 2017 Youth in Unemployment in Saudi Arabia Unemployment is a phenomenon that occur in any country across globe. It considers as very essential topic because its effects on the country. The unemployment rate is one of the most prominent issues discussed today by politicians, news commentators, and economists. Therefore, higher unemployment rate between youth could affect the economy, politics, and other factors. Many countries across the globe spend a lot of time and effort trying to control the rate of unemployment and its growth within the economy. This is due to the fact that increased youth unemployment affects negatively the†¦show more content†¦The first one is frictional unemployment which is the result of imperfections in the labor market is very common in all societies irrespective of their stage of development. The second one is the technological unemployment, which is the result of the lack of the skill of labor force and it is considering in the case of Saudi Arabia. L astly, seasonal unemployment which takes the form of temporary lay-offs experienced through the labor force because the seasonal nature of their employment for instance , farmers are the main issue of this kind of unemployment. As well as, the people who work fundamentally through the Haj pilgrimage season are belonging same type. According to IMF indicates that the unemployment rate among Saudi nationals has reached 12%. The youth male (30%) and females (35%) are particularly affected by the country’s unemployment problem. The increasing unemployment rate in Saudi Arabia, specifically in youth, has made it important to understand the causes and impact of youth unemployment as well as investigating solutions. Therefore, this paper is going to investigate the following: - What factors that causes a higher rate of unemployment among youth in Saudi Arabia? - What the impact of youth unemployment in Saudi Arabia? - Why other countries for instance Qatar country has a lower rate of youth unemployment than Saudi Arabia? - What types of polices that Saudi government can do toShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Challanges Faced by the Coca-Cola Company1240 Words   |  5 PagesThe Coca-Cola Company distributing the Coca-Cola product has faced many macroeconomic variables that indicate trends in the economy. A reduction in consumer confidence in the United States, resulting in lower product sales, has been offset by rising sales in overseas markets. Coca-Cola has combated problems such as unemployment, global warming, and rising interest rates. 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Political Dispute Over Mass Surveillance Technology

Political Dispute Over Mass Surveillance Technology As American citizens we want to live in a country where privacy and protection can live in harmony. This is the political dispute surrounding mass surveillance technology, because the reality is that perfect harmony isn’t possible at this time. Social groups in conflict over this issue are divided into two categories; government agencies such as the FBI, CIA, and most prominently the NSA versus civil society groups like American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), and Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), as well as powerful people like Edward Snowden, and technology companies including Microsoft, Apple, Twitter, and Google (Nakashima 2015). These sides are clear. Which is understandable. Those government agencies were founded on the notion of protecting us, and that is a standard that as Americans we have come to expect. The September 11th attacks shook up that standard, bringing surveillance technology to the forefront of concern. The benefits these agencies uphold are deep-rooted in the ideals of keeping citizens safe. In an article published in The New York Post, Representative Vito Fossella (R) argues that the Patriot Act needs renewal to avoid turning â€Å"back the homeland-security clock to Sept. 10, 2001† (Fossella 2006). The fear of another national security breach such as Sept. 11th is what drives the pro side of the mass surveillance technology debate. From their perspective, surveillance technology is extremelyShow MoreRelatedNational Security Agency Is Unconstitutional887 Words   |  4 PagesThe NSA surveillance program is a critically important program to the national security in the United States . The NSA has two missions, to exploit foreign communications, known as SIGINT, and protect U.S. information systems, known as IA. The headquarters are located at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, in the Baltimore-Washington corridor, which is very close to Washington D.C. 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Starbucks Internationalization in Recent Years Free Essays

string(322) " menu and store environment, strategies on HRM would be less susceptible to imitation, since it is intangible and tacit and it is hard for competitors to know the exact HRM practices which could be replicated Additionally, the human resource management \(HRM\) practices should be facilitated with other non-HRM measures\." With the first coffee shop opened in Sydney CBD, Starbucks entered into Australian market in July of 2000 and then expanded rapidly to 85 coffee shops in the following years. However, in August of 2008, Starbucks Coffee Company Australia announced to shut down more than 60 of its 85 coffee shops and to date it has scaled down to 22 opened in Sydney, Brisbane, the Gold Coast, the Sunshine Coast and Melbourne (Starbucks 2010). This writing will focus on the analysis on the attributes of Starbucks’ products and marketing, and identify the opportunities and threats facing the Starbucks Australia. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Internationalization in Recent Years or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second part of the analysis also draws attention to the changes in social economy, competitors’ move and the main trends in the hot drink market. Based on the findings, recommendations are offered, aiming to help Starbucks gain competitive advantages in Australian marketplace and long run sustainability in a larger social context. In terms of coffee products and service quality, the cafe market in Australia is extremely mature and competitive. It is understandable that consumers’ expectation towards the newly-introduced coffee brand has been exalted high, especially when they are charged with premium price (Marketing Lessons 2010). However, the exotic coffee brand does not bring specialty to the local coffee culture as expected, the consuming experience stay mediocre. Meanwhile, products do not suit Australians’ coffee tastes (Marketing Lessons 2010). Starbucks’ positioning in Australian cafe market has departed from the consuming needs and patterns of the local customers. Dismantled with the uniqueness it possessed and its success in the US and other Asian countries, Starbucks Australia seems to be as ordinary as one of the numerous choices for customers in Australia (Coffee Break and review 2008), and people never genuinely felt the necessity to go to a Starbucks shop. Evidently, Starbucks overestimates its points of difference, as well as the customer-perceived value of its services (Marketing Lessons 2010). To compete out in Australian Cafe market, Starbucks needs to find new ways of creating competitive advantage to differentiate itself from local market competitors. What could make Starbucks special? It could be the menu including items catering customers’ special needs in coffee tastes, or the store environment which makes customer feel comfortable to sit in and enjoy the time, or the excellent service offered by people. Or it could be the combination of all the specialties makes the consuming experience unique. Datamonitor (2010) points out that the core competence of Starbucks is the quality of products. However, it is far from enough, because the best coffee and best equipment in the world could only make 20 percent of success, just as Ed Charles (2007) describes that success of product and service is 80 percent due to the performance of staff, and they must be trained to perform at their best both on products and service to maximize the perceived value of customer. More specifically, customers’ perceived value is related to both tangible benefits such as price, product quality, service, convenience and price, as well as intangible benefits concerning reputation, aesthetics, social and emotional needs like self-enhancement and sensory pleasure needs. Quality service performed by staff could highlight both tangible and intangible benefits of customers. The attributes of the quality service in coffee shop can be demonstrated by thinking of the best consuming experience you could ever imagine. When entering a clean, well-furnished coffee shop with attractive decoration and cozy ambience, customers are recognized by friendly employees and greeted by own names. Order is made in an attentive manner, and fulfilled accurately and timely. Coffees with appealing aroma are served at moderate temperature and they are great and unique in taste. Market players could acquire some of the attributes depicted in the scenario to survive in the marketplace and their service quality varies depending on the competency of the service staff. What customers need is consistent quality services, which is discovered in the report by Chen and Hu (2010) that if customers feel confident that they can have a consistent quality consumption experience each time they come, they tend to choose the same coffee shop to enjoy their coffee. And such favorable attitude towards the service they have received could evolve into customer loyalty, since the essence of customer loyalty is, as Barnes (2001) depicts, â€Å"all about how you make them feel†, vice versa. Customer loyalty may result in consistent purchasing behavior of the brand over time. Therefore, it could be concluded that the all-round quality service performed by staff with high consistency could be the competitive advantage of Starbucks, which can make it special and achieve long run sustainability in Australian market. In light of this finding, Starbucks Australia should devote more efforts to human resources management. More specifically, a series of human resource practice could be designed and implemented to strategically improve employees’ competency and working attitude. For example, staff training could help them be more competent to perform all tasks involved up to standards and with high consistency and staff motivation could boost morale and let them know what is expected of them in a quite specific way. Both staff training and motivation could increase employees’ satisfaction to the extent that they are willing to exert effort to perform the service well and taking initiative to improve the service quality. It is supported by a study that a 5 percent increase in staff satisfaction can result in 1. 3 percent increase in customer satisfaction (Kleinman 2007). By improving the service performance of each staff, which is as Kleinman (2007) defined ‘employee-centered outcome’, Starbucks could achieve higher customer satisfaction, which is ‘organization-centered outcome’, and as the customer satisfaction accumulated and boosted, Starbucks would successfully deliver its positioning as ‘best coffee with premium service’ to the Australian market. And the company’s competitive advantage lies in its human resource management which includes a combination of human resource practice to increase employees’ competency and willingness to render consistent quality service to customers. Compared with the strategies which focus on price, menu and store environment, strategies on HRM would be less susceptible to imitation, since it is intangible and tacit and it is hard for competitors to know the exact HRM practices which could be replicated Additionally, the human resource management (HRM) practices should be facilitated with other non-HRM measures. You read "Starbucks Internationalization in Recent Years" in category "Papers" For example, particular resources related to improving the service quality should be prioritized and allocated by the management to enhance the service performance. If Starbucks managed to acquire the quality service and achieve high customer satisfaction and loyalty through its competitive advantage in human resource management, it could have stayed profitable even during tough social economic condition and keep competitors away from its marketing territory. Since 2007, customer’s consuming confidence was dramatically decreased due to the economic recession and they spent money with more discretion as a result of or threatened by unemployment, bankruptcies and degraded credit. The decreased confidence of consuming caused the curbed spending which in turn resulted in pressure on the company’s margins’ (Datamonitor 2010). Such tightening of consumers’ spending has encouraged defection. McDonald’s, for instance, has already made small forays into providing decent coffee, and achieved some successes (Economist 2008). To retain customer, Starbucks need to stress on premium service quality to achieve high customer s atisfaction and further differentiate its products and service from McDonald’s, so that existing customers feel attached to the unique consuming experience in Starbucks and reluctant to defect. Although McDonald’s could offer decent coffee with a reasonable price, the premium consuming experience and series of HRM practice behind the strategy will be the major barriers for McDonald’s. Like most other coffee products, Starbucks’ products contain caffeine, dairy, sugar and other active compounds. It is proved by public research that excessive consumption of these ingredients may lead to variety of health hazardous. The health issues are increasingly calling for public awareness and the public are suggested by doctors and experts to choose foods with discretion and reduce the frequency or quantity of intake. Such trends of food choice will reduce the demand of Starbucks’ beverage and food product (Datamonitor 2010). Noticeably, despite the threats from the health issues against the coffee products, a report by Parker (2005) reveals that the coffee demand in Australia will keep increasing from USD268. 57 million in 2006 to USD307. 13 million in 2011. This can be partly explained by the research (Luciano et al. 2005) that people’s preference to coffee beverage is genetic in Australia, and it is different from their preference to tea which is affected by the environment. It is understandable that although people’s consuming concept is becoming increasingly health-oriented, they still maintain their coffee-drinking habit. In this sense, Starbucks could retain the coffee demand by adding more decaffeinated coffee beverages and other coffee products incorporated with healthy components. The overall increase in coffee market could be seized if Starbucks manage to tune in the market trend by adjusting their coffee product structure. According to the research by Chen and Hu (2010), one of the attributes of the coffee industry is that it is highly competitive and homogenous in terms of services and products, and the availability of alternatives to the customers can be considered as an important attribute in decision making of purchasing. Therefore, Starbucks could offer a wide range of selection of coffee products as well as other beverages like tea and juices. This proposal of strategy could be justified by the finding that Wong (2010) mentions in her report. The culture of hot drinks in Australia has been evolved towards heath, and consumers are becoming mature while choosing the beverage in better taste as well as showing their preference toward premium products in both coffee and tea categories. The estimation by Datamonitor (2010) of the overall growth in the hot drink market in the next five years is 9. 1 percent, which will increase from AUD1350 million in 2008 to AUD1473million in 2013. Noticeably, the emerging tea market will increase by 8. 1 percent, from AUD437million in 2008 to AUD473million in 2013. To optimize the profits, Starbucks could bank upon such trend and launch new products featured in tea category. Tea product can serve its market among the health conscious Australian consumers well in the next few years, due to its healthy and medicinal benefits. There is another marketing feature draws our attention. As discovered in the research by Luciano et al. (2005), women consume more beverages than men and show a lower preference for coffee than men, but higher preference for tea, which implies that the primary driving force for tea consumption is its appeal to women. This feature drives Starbucks to develop more tea products to cater for women’s preference in taste. By adding ingredients in women’s favor and making the beverage attractive in color and design, Starbucks just launched a series of tea products (Starbucks 2010) to attract more female customers. At the same time, Starbucks has creatively combined the tea with coffee (Starbucks 2010) to create a product with specialty, which introduces a different way of enjoying coffee and tea product and also is an effective ay to surprise and delight their customers continuously. To be successful in the competitive Australian market, it is necessary for Starbucks to focus more on the human resource management practices to achieve sustainable and competitive advantages, which make their staff more capable and motivated to perform outstanding services with high consistency, so as to restore brand specialty in the marketplace. It is also important for Starbucks to be alert to all the chan ges in the market, as customers’ consuming habits and preferences in taste are always changing. The product structure, according to the market trends and new marketing strategies, should be adjusted to seize the opportunity facing the company. Just as Cairns put it in the report Starbucks (2008), the company needs to put the specialty to the market and grows with its customers. The winner could even proactively guide the market trends and foster the new consuming needs of customer to boost profitability. This requires the market player to be consistent in quality service performance but active and creative in marketing changes. How to cite Starbucks Internationalization in Recent Years, Papers

Leadership in Business Fast Track Couriers

Question: Discuss about theLeadership in Businessfor Fast Track Couriers. Answer: Introduction Fast Track Couriers has been operating in New South Wales for the past fifteen years. The company delivers goods in medium and large packages all over Sydney. The company has goodwill in the market because the customers can rely on the product as it values the customers (Gruber, Kihm and Lenz 2014). Background of the Business Sydney had a competitive market with respect to the delivery system when Fast Track entered in the market fifteen years back. The reputation of the company came after three years of its inception, which has shown a positive reflection in the growth and profit margin of the company (Ulmer, Brinkmann and Mattfield 2015). Business Products and Services The company offers international service, which transports the goods and products from Australia to other countries and vice versa. It also has the overnight service, which helps the customers to deliver their goods and products to their destination over a single night (Switala 2013). Change Goals and Strategic Goals of Firms: Strategic Goals Related change Goals Expanding the business in metropolitan cities GPS implementation will enable the firm in becoming more fast and effective in its delivery process. Delivering small and medium packages and enhancing the share of market by 7.5% Market enhancement share would enable the firm being more technologically improved developing it in a way where it grows more. Improving on the properly integrated loom in the direction of distribution management using technology GPS would help in incorporating the management with the staffs of distribution and employers who would able to monitor and track the trucks. Maintaining very consistent and aggravated workforce The company comprises of trucks through mechanical gate scheme that would make them think the firm cares for the hard efforts they put in. Possible Benefits of Change: -GPS implementation would enable the firm in tracking its staffs all the time and maintain them in proper manner. -The implementation strategy of new eight trucks would bring in additional competence for the firm, enhancing process of delivery. -Implementation of one-person one truck system would enable other staffs to experience free as the system gate would be automated. -Drivers might feel comfortable, as they would not be engaged in loading and unloading the parcels in manual systems through gate automation. -Employees might be feeling extra happy and motivated. Assessing Benefits Against Cost Plus Risks: Change Cost Risk Benefit GPS system implementation -Management interference might be felt by managers while delivering consignments -Non-acceptance of changes by staffs -The firms advancement in technology -The firm go on to become extra capable Bringing in fresh trucks The need of new trucks would require incurring a cost of around 6000000 The Fast Track courier company would be able to complete around deliveries of 20% in all the local locations -Enhancement of delivery capacity -Better market reach Change of one driver per truck -New recruitments to be paid wages and salaries -Gate automation requires extra cost for implementation of technology -The change might not be totally accepted by the drivers -The decision might leave the drivers unhappy -The requirement needs to be diminished of hiring external truckers -The probability of lifting injury is minimal Risk Analysis of Change Requirements: Change Risk Barrier Implementation of GPS -Old employees have problems in accepting technological changes. -The staffs might once more reject the change as previously done. Gate automation -Drivers might have that feeling that they are being underestimated -Incurring huge cost The change implementation might become difficult for the expert One driver per truck -An extra driver might become burden for company -The firm might lose on to some staffs New drivers will be needed and new trucks. Change Management Plan: -Brainstorming probable solutions: The firm would do well to analyze and assess the possible solutions to all the problems. As per the Fast track firm, they have originated two chief solutions that are pampering of the GPS system and automation of gate for attracting the firms efficiency along with the drivers. -The real change speed would be decided upon in the segment and resolution about ways through which implementation can be brought in. Managers need to be patient and slow in ringing the changes. The staff members cannot be confused about the change. -The management must reflect upon the ways of change affecting various staffs with all the levels of management having different views about the change-taking place. -The firm needs to classify obstacles in cases of non-acceptance of changes by the staffs, need for penny and new employee recruitment acquiring vast cost related to the firm. Business Operations The company can increase the productivity and the performance if they take the competitors on a serious note. The use of new and advanced technologies by the competitors helps them in convincing the customers and the employees that it will be beneficial for both. Thus, Fast Track Couriers will be at a loss with respect to the customers and the market share in the country. The productivity of the firm needs to be increased by making the employees undertake training and development programs by hiring an expert so that the interests of the employees can be increased in an efficient way (Aziz and Hikmat 2015). The General Manager of the company needs to look after the changes that will be made in the organization so that the profits can be increased by efficient communication network between the HR manager and the stakeholders (Wang, Dessouky and Ordonez 2015). The company needs to set targets for the employees that will motivate the employees in achieving it. When the employees will reach the target they will be rewarded in kind, which will act as a driving force in motivating all the employees to achieve the target. If the employees achieve more than their targets they will be given vouchers of a certain amount, which they can encash and buy any products or services of their choice (Ingaldi 2013). The capital requirement will be that the company is planning to buy extra trucks to meet the demands of the customers in Sydney. This will make the company to incur $60,000 for each truck. This will help in increasing the services of the firm and have more profits for the company. Management and Organizational Structure The family owns the company and three members of the family are part of the Management Board who are responsible for all the decisions of the company and the welfare of the organization. Apart from that, the Logistics Manager will be responsible for allotting the schedules to the twenty truck drivers that the company currently has in operation. The company also has five employees that support the office tasks with respect to administration, accounting, human resources and the sales of the organization (Lovelock and Patterson 2015). Figure 1: Organization Structure (Source: Fast Track Couriers Case Study) Proposal The company in its business so far allows two drivers per truck so that loading and unloading of the goods can take place easily. It is proposed that they would be installing automated gates in the truck so that one driver can do the duty alone, which will cost around $10,000. This will allow the company to buy ten new trucks in the process, which will cost around $60,000 per truck (Aziz and Hikmat 2015). Financial Background The financial position of the company is very good as it is seen that the current sales of the company is around $17 million and the current net profit is around $1.9 million. This has led to repaying of their loans that they had in the market, which was estimated to be around more than $200,000 per year. The operating cost of the company is calculated to be around more than $2.2 million and includes the administrative cost that is $100,000 as well (Switala 2013). It is forecasted that the company will make an average of 10 percent of more profit when it opens a branch in New South Wales. Risk Analysis The risk factor of the organization is minimal as the owners tread the paths carefully. The employees of the company will be recruited through proper interviews and will be trained for 2 weeks to understand the work that is done in the organization before joining the other employees on the floor. The company will keep close bond with their clients and foresee it as its strengths and core values for expanding their business (Karcz and Slusarczyk 2016). Conclusion After reviewing the company, it can be concluded that the company is in a stable position and can look forward to expand its business in NSW. The employees of the company are looked after in a proper manner so that they can have a balance in their work and life. The company has plans to buy more trucks from the profits that it is making so that they can hire more drivers and help to increase the employment of the region. Communication Strategy The process that will be used to develop this business plan will be to interview the employees and the truck drivers of the company who are presently working in the organization.The stakeholders of the company are its employees, the management board and the customers of the company who trust the organization for their services. The information that will be conveyed is regarding the change in the system with respect to the automatic gates that would be installed in the trucks and the use of GPS in the trucks. Reference List Aziz, R.H.H. and Hikmat, R., 2015. Improving Courier Service Reservation System: Reliability and Performance.Asian Journal of Natural Applied Sciences Vol,4, p.4. Gruber, J., Kihm, A. and Lenz, B., 2014. A new vehicle for urban freight? An ex-ante evaluation of electric cargo bikes in courier services.Research in Transportation Business Management,11, pp.53-62. Ingaldi, M., 2013. The implementation of the Servqual method in the courier services company.The International Journal of Transport Logistics,13, p.1. Karcz, J. and ?lusarczyk, B., 2016. Improvements in the quality of courier delivery.International Journal for Quality Research,10(2). Lovelock, C. and Patterson, P., 2015.Services marketing. Pearson Australia. ?wita?a, M., 2013. Marketing in the activities of logistics service providers-selected direct survey results.Journal of Economics Management,12, pp.97-110. Ulmer, M.W., Brinkmann, J. and Mattfeld, D.C., 2015. Anticipatory planning for courier, express and parcel services. InLogistics Management(pp. 313-324). Springer International Publishing. Wang, C., Dessouky, M. and Ordez, F., 2015. Routing Courier Delivery Services with Urgent Demand.INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research,53(1), pp.26-39.

Lockhart River Plane Crash

Yezierska Anzia, Bread Givers, and Immigrants essays

Yezierska Anzia, Bread Givers, and Immigrants essays Over the years, many people have been under the impression that the "America" of the twentieth century was a haven for "the tired" of the world. Indeed, many have accepted the historical propaganda surrounding the myth of Ellis Island, the old "cosmopolitan" New York, and the "simpler days" of life for those fresh off the boat. Unfortunately the actual lives of those "fortunate" enough to cross the ocean in hopes of making new lives on American shores was quite differentespecially for European immigrants as a whole, and Jewish immigrants in specifica fact that the writer Anzia Yezierska demonstrates There is quite a bit of controversy surrounding the writing of twentieth century Anzia Yezierska. Although today, many consider Yezierska to be one of the greatest immigrant-genre writers of the twentieth century, many in previous years considered most of the merit of her work to be of historical, rather than literary value. Indeed, many critics have flatly stated that her writing was "not very good," (Ebest) a statement that, even her supporters echo, "Yezierska's partisans have responded by seeing her stories as fictionalized memoirs and by extolling her ability to document the immigrant woman's experience." (Ebest) Of course, the danger in using Yezierska's texts as "historical material" is significantafter all, her daughter characterized her mother as being "incapable of telling the plain truth." (Henricksen, 255). Therefore, it is absolutely essential to keep in mind the "fiction" of the storyline, while absorbing the historical and social "essence" of the immigrant experience as communicated in Yezierska's writing. Mary Dearborn wrote of Yezierska in her work, Anzia Yezierska and the Making of an Ethnic American Self, "As a writer, Yezierska believed "her mission was to mediate between her culture and...

CCCB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

CCCB - Essay Example (2002) (2009) The Japanese Invasion The late 1950s saw a crucial time for Harley Davidson because that was the time when the Japanese entered into competition in the market. This meant that Harley Davidson was not the only producer for motorcycles now and had to make certain changes in order to survive. Up till now, the company enjoyed a sort of monopoly over its customers because it could produce motorcycles according to the knowledge that it possessed, as customers were willing to purchase due to being left with no other options as well. This played on the demand-supply situation, pushing the company to continue with its sale of making motorcycles that had very distinguished engines, and were manufactured in a manner that they could be rectified by the customer itself. (Statkenov, Daniel K. 1900-1933.) The Japanese established themselves with Honda over the south Asian markets first, and then spread to the rest of the world in such a way that even in the United States of America, e very second person was purchasing a Japanese manufactured motorcycle. Because of this, the sales in Harley Davidson obviously declined because as when compared with companies like Honda, and then emerging Kawasaki, Suzuki and Yamaha, Harley Davidson motorbikes were very costly, could not be afforded by the average consumer, and was not for every kind of bike rider. The Japanese took advantage of all the demerits that the American motorcycle company had, and took hold over it by producing more customer friendly bikes, that could be ridden by most ages, had simple engines, were east to maintain and repair, and most of all, were much lighter and cheaper. As the Japanese slowly took over the markets, at the same time, the profitability and goodwill that Harley Davidson had created for its self began to decline sharply. The company foresaw a great amount of debt and was unable to raise the complete by back price. In order to sustain survival over the market, the only thing that could be done by Harley Davidson was to cut back on the number of bikes manufactured in order to keep their costs at a minimum price. The company was under the leadership and guidance of people like Richard Teerlink and Jeffrey Bluestein as it underwent a complete transformation before it began soaring upwards and towards growth again. These people evaluated the performance of the company against that of not only its past performances but also performance of the Japanese companies and found out where they were going wrong. They critically evaluated the pros and cons that Harley Davidson faced and in accordance to that made the much needed changes within the organization. Transformation The first set of changes that were made within the company in order to stabilize it was in its human resource department. A proper change cycle was what the firm was made to go through as all unnecessary workers and employer positions were eliminated from the company. Having a good hold over the people that wo rk within the company can really make or break its name in the market. Harley Davidson was started by two people and by 1907 had only a single permanent employee working with the founders. However, after the Japanese invasion into the market, Teerlink decided that it

Composites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Composites - Essay Example l made by combining two or more distinct materials in order to fabricate a new product bearing desirable combination of properties that a single materials cannot achieve (Noort & Barbour, 2013). These materials range from polymer, metallic to ceramic elements (Naseem, 2010). Dental composites are wear resistant including composite resins, glass monomer cement, compomers and giomers For this case, I will design a composite that meant to replace amalgam as filler in dentistry. The composite must have a pH change as well as the ability to form a carboxylate salt. The material also has to contain fluoro-aluminosilicate glass, water as well as a polymeric acid (Brantley, & Eliades, 2011). In addition, the material ought to have improved physical conditions compared to conventional glass ionomoer. Such improvements aid reduction in water sensitivity, less fluoride release, rechargeable fluoride besides increase in thermal expansion (Naseem, 2010). Most importantly, the material has to be light cured to achieve good bonding to dentine, which depends on surface conditioning (Brantley & Eliades, 2011). The composite used should be anisotropic since forces from different directions act on them.The forces acting on the other direction enhance materials properties in one direction (Brantley, & Eliades, 2011). Properties of strengths and stiffness depend on the direction of force applied. Transverse direction will be necessary for the composite because elastic constants are similar (Brantley, &Eliades, 2011). Physical properties of the material needed for matrix include low solubility, high compressive strengths, as well as low flexural and sheer strengths. In addition, the material must have a thermal coefficient similar to dentin besides fluoride release and fluoride recharge. Glass monomer cement binds tooth and has diverse dimensions such as slight shrinking and expansion when setting (Naseem, 2010). It is also brittle and lacks translucency characterized by a rough

E-Procurement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E-Procurement - Assignment Example This will lead to a reduction in the cost of procurement. This would lead to less time being used for this process. The manager would have more time to spend on other company business rather than being tied up with immaterial purchases. No orders may be lost because it would result in less paper being used in the process. This system would also help to reduce the number of late deliveries. Qatar Petroleum would computerize its procedures so that there will not have to be too many manual interventions. In this way the company may be able to deal with many suppliers instead of a few. The system could compare prices and determine which is best. The company may also be able to benefit from quantity discounts in this way The procurement system could be so set up that orders are triggered from the inventory system as soon as the re-order level is reached. This system would notify someone that an order needs to be made urgently. Transactions are automatically approved based on business rules and so there is no detailed approval process. The order will be transmitted through a central hub. Everything stage of the process would be done online. An e-procurement system is a must for a company that is seeking to reduce the cost of purchasing. Companies are on an ongoing drive to reduce cost and this is one sure way to do so. Qatar Petroleum can benefit from implementing this

Effect of Country Development on Technology

Effect of Country Development on Technology Introduction Technology is becoming increasingly very important to the success of all business firms, and to the national economic growth. The process of globalization is driven by technology development and the ability of corporations to uplift the use of technology effectively and rapidly. The technological gap between developed countries and emerging nations has narrowed but still remains huge. The first step to narrowing the gap is for emerging nations to absorb technology successfully. The rapid economic growth achieved by the newly industrialized economies has generated a vast amount of research on the mechanism behind the economic take off. According to F. Montes-Negret (2008), progress in developing countries reflects the absorption of pre-existing technologies not at the frontier inventions. In general terms, catch up refers to the ability of a country to reduce the gap in productivity and income with respect to the leading international countries (Fagerberg-Godinho,2005). Perez (1988) views catching up as a question of relative speed in a race along a fixed track, according to him, technology is understood to be a unidirectional process. Furthermore, he observes that every country is a beginner in terms of the newly emerging techno-economic paradigm, which implies the possibility of being a latecomer. Research has shown that in the catching-up process, the late-comer does not simply follow the path of a technological development of the advanced countries. Instead, they would rather skip some stages or even create their own individual ways which are different from the developed countries. By doing this, it may result in the developing countries becoming latecomers in technology advancing. For the country to have growth in economy and industrial development, it needs to have an absorptive capacity and ability to tap in the worlds technology pool. Cohen and Levinthal (2000) explains absorptive capacity as the ability to assess the value of external knowledge and technology and to make necessary investments and changes to absorb and apply these changes in a productive manner. The development of new-to-the world knowledge can be considered to be innovative which can be a costly learning activity that a country can employ in order to catch up with others through technology absorption. Innovation and technology absorption are two distinct processes, that is, innovation promotes absorptive capacity because the generation of human capital and new ideas, and the associated knowledge spillover effects, help build absorptive capacity. RD is a key input into innovation and is also an input into absorption capacity. Absorption of technology is considered a necessary step to promote the development of human capital and the productive base, paving the way for innovations at the global knowledge frontier. Research and development (RD), patents, trade, and foreign direct investment are major channels of technological absorption, allowing diffusion of new ideas and manufacturing best practices among countries and firms. R D is a key input into innovation and is considered to be a very important key in the absorption of technology (Cohen and Levinthal). Rogers (2003) defines examples of technology absorption as the adoption of new product and manufacturing processes developed in other countries; upgrading of an old product or process, licensing technology, improving organizational efficiency and achieving quality certification. This paper will discuss how properly designed economic policies can significantly influence the degree to which a country absorbs new technology, that is, it will discuss the pre requisites for technology catch ups. The need for a stable and conducive policy framework and a business-friendly investment climate is what makes the countrys ability to absorb technology and knowledge, and this depends on its organization and the skills of its workforce. Further more the paper will discuss the channels that developing countries can use to catch up with other developed countries through technology absorption such as trade flows, foreign direct investment (FDI), RD and patents. Literature Review The very rich literature on catch-up through technology is full of countries that in the past decades have managed catch up with the developed countries, others that have succeeded ahead and several that have fallen behind in technology and failed to be par with the developed world (Abramovitz, 1986). More research has identified a series of factors that have affected the sources of catch-up. One of the elements is regard to the presence of learning and capabilities in the domestic firms (Bell and Pavitt, 1993, Kim, 1997; 1999, Lall, 2001, Kim and Nelson, 2000, Lee, 2005). Catch-up countries should try to adopt the Schumpeterian view of the process of innovation, according to which economic agents are likely to innovate as a reaction to unexpected changes within the economic environment (Schumpeter, 1947). From the early traditional literature that emphasized how it was possible to close the gap though transfer of technology and the imitation of easily available technology, the liter ature on competences has forcefully moved to show the central role of the process of capability accumulation by domestic firms and the need of various types of capabilities for catch up: absorptive capabilities, innovation capabilities and complementary assets in order to adopt, adapt and modify technologies developed elsewhere or eventually generate new ones. Actually, the most current research has shown that any process of development and growth implies some kind of innovation, and that sequences of steps in the capability building process are necessary for development. The literature has also stressed the role of social capabilities (Abramovitz 1986) and the broad institutions of a country, including the research infrastructure (Mazzoleni and Nelson,2006) and financial institutions (Gerschenkron, 1962). In the catching up in income per capita or productivity public policy has often played a major role in different ways and forms in several countries such as Japan (Johnson,1982), Korea (Kim 1997), Taiwan (Wade, 1990) and Brazil (Mani, 2004). Also the upgrading of the level of human capital has proven a key element for catching up (Fagerberg and Godinho,2004 and Bernardes and Albuquerque, 2003). The literature further shows how technology in growth is the missing link between the developed and the less developed countries. There is a possibility of a catch-up scenario in the event that less developed countries are able to access and employ developed technology. In other words, less developed countries would grow at a higher rate until at such time that the differences between developed and less developed countries are negligible. This can be shown by the experience of East Asian countries (World Bank, 1993). Catching up is usually assumed to be dependent on the level of human capital and knowledge. Capital is a necessary tool for the economic success in the world today, because the countires need the capacity to mobilize knowledge and to use it to the fullest. A study by the World bank (2009) indicates that countries in the Sub Sahara of Africa (SSA) must harness both more capital and more knowledge. These African countries needs to invest heavily in physical infrastructure and productive capacity. However, maximizing productivity and achieving competitiveness will depend upon success in augmenting human capital and raising its quality. This has been shown by Namibia as it was ranked the second and fifth respectively in terms of technological sophistication and prevalence of foreign technology licensing in the competitiveness report. However, firm level absorption of this technology remains low as the country was ranked 15th. From this case we can learn that the use of technology require s skilled labor force. As earlier pointed out, investment in human capital remains a critical issue for Namibia and other developing countries. The use of technology requires supporting infrastructure such as good telecommunication and energy in particular. (?) Nations such as Australia, Chile, Malaysia, and Spain have responded by developing cross-sectoral policy frameworks to promote science, technology, and innovation. Within Sub-Saharan Africa, Mozambique, Rwanda, and South Africa have led the way with similar cross-cutting strategies. Other SSA countries that have produced national science and technology policies since 2000 include Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Malawi, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (Mouton 2008). Better education system can assist the developing countries in †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Pre Requisites for technology catch up Technology absorption is often regarded as a pre requisite for breaking up a high cost economy and creating an economic competitive market internationally. The initial gap for countries which are trying to catch up with technology should not be too wide for them to be able to absorb knowledge from technological leaders. Moreover, late comers must have, or create, sufficient absorption capabilities. In this context, sufficient absorption capabilities are described as having qualified researchers who are able to understand external knowledge spillovers and recognize their value in operation. Developing countries need a strong human capital base that will be able to understand the new innovative systems that have been put in place by the advanced countries, hence they need well developed scientific, engineering and technical skills. Cohen and Levinthal (1990 pg .129) suggest that accumulated knowledge increases both the ability to put new ideas into practice. If the stock of knowledge i s increased, in general, additional learning will be facilitated. The growth of knowledge adds value to the countrys ability to adapt to new ideas thus becoming fast in catching up with technology. Technological progress depends on more than being exposed to foreign technologies. How fast it spreads within a country is at least as important and depends on the domestic technological absorptive capacity, the quality of technological literacy of the population and the quality of the business climate. Although major centers and leading firms may be relatively advanced, the rural population and the majority of firms do not exploit the best technologies, often because the necessary infrastructure and human competencies are not available. This may lead to some lags in technology catch up for developing countries. Nelson and Rosenberg (2003) explains the importance of the link between science and technology as this is one of the important tools for technology catch up. The technological progress requires the mobilisation, co-ordination and integration of many different types of knowledge, and thus involves different types of knowledge producing organizations like firms, research institutes, and universities. Research organizations should be able to communicate to each other about technology innovations that are occurring within their countries. This will enhance knowledge diffusion. With respect to the co-ordination and integration of knowledge across the research sector, communication or even interaction is needed. This can be accomplished by co-operation, strategic alliances, clusters, and networks, all of which install channels along which knowledge can be communicated. If communication exists within countries, the developing countries may be able to learn this as a good tool for success in technology absorption. Knowledge is no longer the disciplinary monopoly of a few institutions of higher learning; rather, it is becoming the product of problem-solving endeavors conducted within a shifting network of often informal professional interactions (Gibbons and others 1994; Gibbons 1998). The technological progress in developing countries is mainly a process of adopting and adapting to pre-existing technologies, hence developing countries perform relatively little when it comes to research. For the developing countries, technological progress mainly occurs through the adoption and adaptation of already existing technologies. The rapid increase in technological achievement owes much too increased linkages between developing and developed countries. Globalization in the form of imports of advanced products, and the transfer of business process technology through foreign investment and increased linkages with emigrant populations have increased the exposure of developing countries to more sophisticated technologies. Technology absorption needs stable and conducive policy framework hence policy makers should ensure that openness is maintained, they need to concentrate on strengthening domestic competencies, promoting the dissemination of technology and reinforcing the local business environment in order to avoid the constrain on technological progress in developing countries. Patents as indicators of Technology absorption SUMMARY Catching up does not necessarily need to be viewed in a linear and unidirectional way. As long as technology is understood as a cumulative unidirectional process, development will be seen as a race along a fixed track, where catching up will be merely a question of relative speed. Speed is no doubt a relevant aspect, but history is full of examples of how successful overtaking has been primarily based on running in a new direction.xiv Indeed, in new fields such as biotechnology, the developing countries are making efforts to move to the scientific frontiers but they plan to apply the acquired knowledge in developing products that are more relevant to local needs. [T]he larger the technological and, therefore, the productivity gap between the leader and the follower, the stronger the followers potential for growth in productivity; and, other things being equal, the faster one expects the followers growth rate to be. Followers tend to catch up faster if they are initially backward.xv The explanation for this paradoxical suggestion has to do with the level of technology embodied in a countrys capital stock. Developing countries with the relevant human capital base are always presented with new windows of opportunity for entering new technological systems. But doing so requires other skills such as the capacity to monitor international trends, formulate long-term strategies and determine the locational as well as infrastructure advantages of the country. Most African countries, for example, do not have the capacity or the requisite institutional arrangements for monitoring technological advantages. Planning efforts are usually of a short-term nature and therefore unable to accommodate technological requirements for long-term growth. In more recent years, most countries have been forced to adopt short-term planning strategies to enable them to implement macro-economic stabilisation programmes. However, the challenge now is to put in place longterm structural adjustment programmes which are based on industrial transformation. Technological catch-up may also involve the use of advanced technologies to deliver new products and services that do not necessarily compete with those developed in the industrialised countries. Many of the products of biotechnology, for example, may be relevant to certain locales and of little interest to the major firms. Their technological requirements, however, may be just as high as those for the products of the leading firms. The paper has shown that there are three points of entry into the game of technological competition. The first relates to the accumulation of basic technological competence in society. This is related to human capital formation. A country without the requisite technical competence is unlikely to make sustained advances in technological development. The second issue is the ability of a country to make an early entry into a particular technological system. This step can only be achieved where the first one has been accomplished. The last issue is the potent ial for a country to occupy particular technological niches as part of a strategy for industrial learning. With the widening range of technological trajectories and systems, the opportunities for the developing adopting any of the three strategies or combinations thereof are relatively high. To achieve improvement of production technology, i.e. technological progress, on a large scale, relatively more scientists and engineers must be engaged in research directly integrated in production of goods and services as opposed to the university and public research sector. Notwithstanding that universities and public research institutes play an important role in developing new products and processes, the majority of research is done by firms (Nelson and Rosenberg (1993)). For new products or processes developed by universities or research and development (RD) institutes, both domestic and foreign, to be implemented in firms roduction processes, the innovation must be adapted to firms specific organizational structure and production processes. This implies that firms understand the innovation and are able to revise it. Firms will have to do research themselves (Cohen and Levinthal (1989)) and might even have to repeat parts of the original research process, since they have only pa rtial knowledge about the innovation. This has important implications for the organisation of RD personnel: they should be employed in production as well. More RD personnel in production of goods and services will increase the possibilities for absorption and diffusion in this sector. because a weakening economic performance that threatens a return to the economic conditions of the 1990s would be a great human tragedy. But maintaining the current momentum, and accelerating growth wherever possible, requires measures that will substantially enhance economic competitiveness and nurture expansion of new tradable activities. To realize these objectives, The key to economic success in a globalized world lies increasingly in how effectively a country can assimilate the available knowledge and build comparative advantage in selected areas with good growth prospects, and in how it can enlarge the comparative advantage by pushing the frontiers of technology through innovation. The global knowledge economy has drawn attention to the value of â€Å"national innovation systems in the competition among nations (Nelson 1993; Porter 1990; Stern, Porter, and Furman 2000; Thurow 1999; World Bank 1999). Institutions that generate skills and knowledge, such as universities and rese arch institutes, are essential components of a national innovation system (NIS). In essence, an NIS is a melding of institutional capacities, coordination mechanisms, communication networks, and policy incentives that fosters innovation-led gains in economic productivity. In this web of institutional relationships, innovation can arise at any point. During the past decade, most African countries have pursued national economic growth strategies within the framework of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). Until recently, many PRSPs have been oriented toward attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, an internationally accepted set of performance targets spanning poverty alleviation, agriculture, and access to basic services. Concern with explicit growth promotion efforts as the means for sustainable poverty reduction is a relatively recent—but readily accepted—shift of strategic approach (Commission for Africa 2005). Bibliography Nelson, R. and E. Phelps (1966), Investment in humans, technology diffusion and economic growth, American Economic Review 56, 1/2, 69-75. Harding, T. and J. Rattsà ¸ (2008), Looking abroad to understand productivity growth: the world technology frontier and industrial sector productivity in South Africa, mimeo, Department of Economics, NTNU. Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1989), Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of RD,The Economic Journal, 99, pp. S.569-596. Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1990), Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation in Administrative Science Quarterly, No. 35, pp. 128-152 Nelson, R.R. and Rosenberg, N. (1993), Technical Innovation and National Systems, in Nelson, R.R. (ed.), National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Study, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-21 Nelson, R.R. and Winter, S.G. (1982), An Evolutionary Theory for Economic Change, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. Calestous Juma and Norman Clark; Technological Catch-Up: Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries, 2002, London , Print Publishers Hiroyuki Oba and Hrushikash Panda; Industrial developmeny and Technology absorption in the Indian Steel Industry, 2005, allied Publisher, New Delhi The World Bank, 2009, Accelerating catch-up, Tertiary Education for Growth in Sub Saharan Africa, Washington D.C J.Ratlso, Puzzles of Convergence and Catching Up;Regional Income growth in Norway, Department of economics , Norwegian university of Science and Technology

Carmen :: essays research papers

Carmen is a story about a girl who is only fourteen years old and she deals with moving to a new neighborhood and her abusive, alcoholic father. As she deals with her father’s problems and her mother’s denial she quickly falls into a life of drugs and despair, which will follow her throughout most of her life. It all starts with Carmen and her family moving from Brooklyn to New Jersey they find a bigger house and buy lavish furniture that they cannot afford.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her dad has always been an alcoholic, but lately he has become aggressive and lashes out at Carmen and her mother. After he tries to strangle Carmen she tries to run away and finally succeeds on her second attempt. Carmen then lives with her friend Lulu for awhile and she becomes addicted to heroin. Carmen meets two people through Lulu: Nancy and Bud. Bud grows fond of Carmen and she decides to live with Bud who is a drug dealer, but after she repeatedly steals drugs from him, he kicks Carmen out. Carmen who has no place to go, walks around the subway for hours and Nancy recognizes her and offers Carmen a place to stay by introducing her to Hugh and Gene, they are two men that protect her and they are known as pimps. Carmen turns to prostitution because it is the only way to pay for the drugs she uses. One day Hugh is caught and charged with operating a business illegally and Carmen becomes bored quickly and moves to the Bronx to find more work. Carmen then meets Vinnie, a man who enjoys her company and sometimes gives her money out of pity for her situation. Vinnie starts to use heroin while Carmen is away and he too becomes addicted to the drug. Vinnie’s personality changes and he is desperate for money and a way to get high, so he and Carmen plan to burglarize a home of a recently deceased person. They break into the house while the funeral takes place and as they attempt to leave, the police arrest both Carmen and Vinnie. They are put in jail and enter a drug abuse program. Carmen and Vinnie are released after ninety days and they both turn to drugs again. One day Carmen walks down an avenue and Nancy recognizes her and stops to talk. Carmen is asked by Nancy to baby sit her son Tommy and she agrees to watch him for a little while so Nancy can run some errands. Carmen :: essays research papers Carmen is a story about a girl who is only fourteen years old and she deals with moving to a new neighborhood and her abusive, alcoholic father. As she deals with her father’s problems and her mother’s denial she quickly falls into a life of drugs and despair, which will follow her throughout most of her life. It all starts with Carmen and her family moving from Brooklyn to New Jersey they find a bigger house and buy lavish furniture that they cannot afford.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her dad has always been an alcoholic, but lately he has become aggressive and lashes out at Carmen and her mother. After he tries to strangle Carmen she tries to run away and finally succeeds on her second attempt. Carmen then lives with her friend Lulu for awhile and she becomes addicted to heroin. Carmen meets two people through Lulu: Nancy and Bud. Bud grows fond of Carmen and she decides to live with Bud who is a drug dealer, but after she repeatedly steals drugs from him, he kicks Carmen out. Carmen who has no place to go, walks around the subway for hours and Nancy recognizes her and offers Carmen a place to stay by introducing her to Hugh and Gene, they are two men that protect her and they are known as pimps. Carmen turns to prostitution because it is the only way to pay for the drugs she uses. One day Hugh is caught and charged with operating a business illegally and Carmen becomes bored quickly and moves to the Bronx to find more work. Carmen then meets Vinnie, a man who enjoys her company and sometimes gives her money out of pity for her situation. Vinnie starts to use heroin while Carmen is away and he too becomes addicted to the drug. Vinnie’s personality changes and he is desperate for money and a way to get high, so he and Carmen plan to burglarize a home of a recently deceased person. They break into the house while the funeral takes place and as they attempt to leave, the police arrest both Carmen and Vinnie. They are put in jail and enter a drug abuse program. Carmen and Vinnie are released after ninety days and they both turn to drugs again. One day Carmen walks down an avenue and Nancy recognizes her and stops to talk. Carmen is asked by Nancy to baby sit her son Tommy and she agrees to watch him for a little while so Nancy can run some errands.